Leidraad parkeren bij knooppunten en mobiliteitshubs – Guideline for Parking at Nodes and Mobility Hubs
The Leidraad parkeren bij knooppunten en mobiliteitshubs (Guideline for Parking at Nodes and Mobility Hubs) is a professional reference document issued by CROW-KpVV, a Dutch knowledge organization specializing in infrastructure, public space, and traffic. This guideline provides a framework for municipal authorities, developers, and transport operators in the Netherlands to integrate parking policy with the development of multimodal transport hubs. It sits within the broader context of urban mobility transitions, addressing how parking strategies can support the functional optimization of regional and local transport networks.
The document establishes a comprehensive model for managing parking at hubs, focusing on three core societal and spatial challenges: Verdichtingsopgave (densification tasks), Opgave openbare ruimte (efficient use of public space), and Opgave ketenreis (improvement of multi-modal chain journeys). It defines the mobility hub as a node in a multimodal network where different transport modes—including public transport, shared mobility, and cycling—converge to facilitate transfers between origins and destinations. The scope encompasses the entire development lifecycle, from target group analysis and spatial planning to technical instruments such as parkeernormen (parking standards) and parkeerregulering (parking regulation).
This guideline categorizes hubs into four distinct typologies based on scale and function: Regiohubs, Stadshubs, Wijkhubs, and Buurthubs. It outlines the roles and responsibilities of various stakeholders, including the municipality as a developer or owner, private parking operators, and Mobility as a Service (MaaS) providers. The following sections detail the structural elements of this regulatory framework, its technical instruments, and the financial considerations for a viable business case.
Hub Typologies and Spatial Characteristics
The document identifies four primary hub types, each with specific requirements for buffer capacity, distance to city centers, and target audiences.
- Regiohubs: Large-scale facilities located outside city centers, often near smaller train stations or P+R sites, facilitating transfers from cars and bicycles to regional public transport.
- Stadshubs: Major hubs located at central intercity stations, characterized by high-frequency public transport and limited car parking due to high land values.
- Wijkhubs: Neighborhood-level hubs integrated into new housing developments, often employing lower parking standards to encourage shared mobility use.
- Buurthubs: Small-scale nodes within walking or cycling distance of residents, focusing on shared bicycles, scooters, and a limited number of shared cars.
Parking Instruments and Push Measures
To increase hub utilization, the framework describes the use of pushmaatregelen (push measures) that make traditional car ownership and individual parking less attractive relative to the hub's alternatives.
- Parkeerregulering: Implementing pricing and permit systems in public spaces to manage demand and prevent spillover into surrounding residential areas.
- Parkeren op afstand: Locating private car parking at a distance from the destination to make the transfer to hub-based mobility more competitive.
- Parkeernormen: Reducing the required number of parking spaces for new buildings in the Nota parkeernormen when high-quality shared mobility is provided.
- Omgevingsvergunning: Ensuring the long-term availability of shared mobility services through conditions attached to the environmental permit.
Operational and Technical Frameworks
The effectiveness of a mobility hub depends on its integration into digital platforms and the physical design of the public space.
- MaaS Integration: Utilizing digital platforms to unlock various forms of shared mobility via a single application, often supported by the TOMP-API (Transport Operator to Mobility Provider-API).
- Micromobility Regimes: Managing shared bikes and scooters through Free Floating, Geo-fencing, or Fysieke stallingen (physical docking stations).
- Return Systems: Differentiating between back-to-one (returning to the start location) and back-to-many (flexibility to drop off at different hubs) models.
Roles, Governance, and Finance
The document specifies the diverse roles a municipality can fulfill to secure the public interest and manage the hub's lifecycle.
- Administrative Roles: The municipality acts as a developer, owner, operator, or manager of the public parking area and hub infrastructure.
- Business Case Elements: Financial analysis must account for stichtingskosten (initial realization costs), vastgoedlasten (property-related costs), and exploitatiemiddelen (operating costs).
- Revenue Streams: Income sources include developer contributions, rental of parking or mobility space, and commercial services such as station shops or parcel lockers.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the official definition of a mobility hub according to CROW?
A mobility hub is a node within a multimodal network where various transport modes and their infrastructure converge, serving as a start, end, or transfer point in a journey for people or goods.
How do mobility hubs contribute to urban densification?
By bundling car parking and providing shared mobility alternatives, hubs reduce the need for individual parking spaces at the final destination, freeing up land for housing and commercial development.
What are the four types of hubs identified in the guideline?
The guideline distinguishes between Regiohubs, Stadshubs, Wijkhubs, and Buurthubs, categorized by their scale, location, and target user groups.
Can parking standards be lowered when a mobility hub is present?
Yes, municipalities can grant a reduction in the required number of parking spaces (parking norm) if high-quality shared mobility and hub access are structurally anchored in the mobility plan and permits.
What is the 'back-to-one' system for shared vehicles?
It is a regime where a shared vehicle must be returned to the specific hub where the journey started, similar to the OV-fiets system, which eliminates the need for redistribution.
What is the role of the TOMP-API in mobility hubs?
The TOMP-API is a standardized interface that allows different MaaS platforms and shared mobility providers to exchange data, facilitating a seamless booking experience for the user.
Who is responsible for the exploitation of a Regiohub?
Typically, the municipality, ProRail, or NS (Dutch Railways) are the owners and provide the financing, though private parties may also share costs through commercial service delivery.
What are the key success factors for a Buurthub?
The document identifies six factors: affordability, availability, flexibility, diversity of transport modes, mandatory participation for residents, and accessibility for neighbors.
